Glycobiology Advance Access published online on February 22, 2006
Glycobiology, doi:10.1093/glycob/cwj092
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1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Biosynthesis and functions of human milk oligosaccharides are not well known. A typical housekeeping enzyme, Eleven exclusively breastfeeding mothers were given a 13C-galactose bolus at the end of their breakfast. Milk and urine samples from each nursing up to 36 h were analyzed for carbohydrate composition by high performance thin layer chromatography, high pH anion exchange chromatography and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. 13C enrichment of milk fractions, urinary carbohydrates, lactose and oligosaccharides as well as of breath CO2 was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Up to 10% of the orally given galactose bolus was directly transported to the mammary gland and incorporated into milk components. Characteristic for most milk samples was the appearance of two 13C-peaks, the first immediately after the 13C-bolus was taken, the second on the next morning. The highest 13C enrichment was found in lactose followed by neutral and acidic oligosaccharides. In breath samples the 13C-excretion followed the same pattern as in milk. 13C-NMR of isolated lactose revealed 13C only at C1-atom of galactose and C1-atom of glucose. This label was without any exception at the same position as the 13C-label of the orally applied galactose. Neutral and acidic HMO can easily be 13C-labeled in vivo which facilitates investigations of their metabolic fate in infants.
Article
Incorporation of orally applied 13C-Galactose into milk lactose and oligosaccharides
Silvia Rudloff 1 *,
Susanne Obermeier 2,
Christian Borsch 3,
Gottfried Pohlentz 4,
Rudolf Hartmann 5,
Herbert Brösicke 6,
Michael J. Lentze 7,
and
Clemens Kunz 8
2 Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, 44225 Dortmund
3 Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen
4 Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, 48149 Münster
5 Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn
6 Virchow-Clinics, D-10117 Berlin
7 Center of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn
8 Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, 44225 Dortmund; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen
Silvia Rudloff, E-mail: silvia.rudloff{at}ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de
Abstract 
1.4-galactosyl-transferase, links galactose to glucose to form lactose which is then used as backbone for the assembly of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). We investigated whether milk lactose and HMO may be labeled in vivo by an orally given 13C-galactose bolus.
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