Glycobiology Advance Access published online on May 17, 2004
Glycobiology, doi:10.1093/glycob/cwh095
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1 Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: brewer{at}aecom.yu.edu.
Galectins are a growing family of animal lectins with common consensus sequences that bind
Revised May 4, 2004
Accepted May 10, 2004
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Thermodynamic binding studies of bivalent oligosaccharides to galectin-1, galectin-3, and the carbohydrate recognition domain of galectin-3
2 Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
3 Du Pont Company Wilmington, Delaware 19880
4 Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
Abstract 
-Gal and LacNAc residues. There are at present fourteen members of the galectin family, however, certain galectins possess different structures as well as biological properties. Galectin-1 is a dimer of two homologous carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD), and possesses apoptotic and pro-invasive activities. Galectin-3 consists of a C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and an N-terminal nonlectin domain implicated in the oligomerization of the protein, and is often associated with antiapoptotic activity. Since many cellular oligosaccharide receptors are multivalent, it is important to characterize the interactions of multivalent carbohydrates with galectins-1 and -3. In the present study, binding of bovine heart galectin-1 and recombinant murine galectin-3 to a series of synthetic analogs containing two LacNAc residues separated by a varying number of methylene groups, as well as biantennary analogs possessing two LacNAc residues were examined using isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) and hemagglutination inhibition measurements. The thermodynamics of binding of the multivalent carbohydrates to the C-terminal CRD domain of galectin-3 was also investigated. ITC results showed that each bivalent analog bound by both LacNAc residues to the two galectins. However, galectin-1 shows a lack of enhanced affinity for the bivalent straight chain and branched chain analogs, while galectin-3 shows enhanced affinity for only lacto-N-hexaose, a naturally occurring branched chain carbohydrate. The CRD domain of galectin-3 was shown to possess similar thermodynamic binding properties as the intact molecule. The results of this study have important implications for the design of carbohydrate inhibitors of the two galectins.
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