Glycobiology Advance Access published online on September 26, 2003
Glycobiology, doi:10.1093/glycob/cwg112
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© 2003 Oxford University Press
MINI REVIEW
1 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA Hyaluronan is a negatively charged, high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan found predominantly in the extracellular matrix. Intracellular locations for hyaluronan have also been documented now, in cytoplasm, nucleus, and nucleolus. The polymer has an extraordinarily high rate of turnover in vertebrate tissues. The focus here is to formulate a metabolic pathway for hyaluronan degradation using all available data, including the recently acquired information on the hyaluronidase gene family. Such a catabolic scheme has defied explication up to now. In somatic tissues, stepwise processing occurs, from the extracellular high molecular weight space filling, anti-angiogenic
Revised on July 31, 2003
Accepted on August 12, 2003
Devising a pathway for hyaluronan catabolism. Are we there yet?
107 kDa polymer, to intermediate sized highly angiogenic, inflammatory and immune-stimulating fragments, and ultimately to tetrasaccharides that are anti-apoptotic and potent inducers of heat shock proteins. It is proposed that the high molecular weight extracellular polymer is tethered to the cell surface by the combined efforts of hyaluronan receptors and hyaluronidase-2 (Hyal-2). The hyaluronan is cleaved to a 20 kDa intermediate-sized fragment, the limit product of Hyal-2 digestion. These fragments are delivered to endosomal- and ultimately to lysosomal-like structures. Further catabolism occurs there by hyaluronidase-1 (Hyal-1), coordinated with the activity of two lysosomal 
-exoglycosidases, -glucuronidase, and -N-acetyl-glucosaminidase. A membrane-associated mini-organelle is postulated, the hyaluronasome, in which coordinated synthetic and catabolic enzyme reactions occur. The hyaluronasome can respond to the physiological states of the cell by a series of membrane-bound and soluble hyaluronan-associated receptors, binding-proteins, and co-factors that trigger enzymatic events and signal transduction pathways. These, in turn, can be modulated by the amounts and sizes of the hyaluronan polysaccharides generated in the catabolic cascade. Most of these highly dynamic interactions remain to be determined. It is also proposed that malignant cells can commandeer some of these inter-actions for facilitating tumor growth and spread.
hyaluronidase, hyaluronan, CD44, -endoglycosidases, -exoglycosidases
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