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Glycobiology Advance Access published online on December 17, 2002
Glycobiology, doi:10.1093/glycob/cwg022
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Submitted on August 15, 2002
Revised on October 2, 2002
Accepted on October 21, 2002

© 2002 Oxford University Press

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Sialylation and sulfation of lactosylceramide distinctly regulate anchorage-independent growth, apoptosis and gene expression in 3LL lewis lung carcinoma cells

Satoshi Uemura 1, Kazuya Kabayama 1, Mariko Noguchi 1, Yasuyuki Igarashi 1, Jin-ichi Inokuchi 1*

1 Department of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: inokuchi{at}kinou02.pharm.hokudai.ac.jp.

Abstract

To investigate the significance of sialylation and sulfation of lactosylceramide in transformed cells, we established ganglioside GM3- and lactosylsulfatide (SM3)-reconstituted cells by transfecting cDNAs of GM3 synthase and cerebroside sulfotransferase into the J5 subclone of 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma cells. The J5 clone was selected for the transfection of these genes, since it lacks GM3 and SM3 but accumulates lactosylceramide. The anchorage-dependent growth of both GM3- and SM3-reconstituted cells was similar. However, anchorage-independent growth, as measured by colony forming ability in soft agar, of the SM3-reconstituted cells was almost completely lost, which supports our previous observation showing the suppression of tumorigenic potential in vivo and {beta}1 integrin gene expression induced by the introduction of cerebroside sulfotransferase gene (Kabayama, K., Ito, N., Honke, K., Igarashi, Y., and Inokuchi, J. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 26777-26783). The GM3-reconstituted cells formed significantly higher number of colonies in soft agar compared to mock transfected cells, and became to proliferate and resistant to apoptosis when serum was depleted, indicating that endogenous GM3 is essential for maintaining these fundamental properties of malignant cells. We also found that serum-induced ERK1/2 activation was suppressed in the GM3-reconstituted cells, suggesting that anchorage-independent cell cycle initiation by endogenous GM3 is elicited through pathway(s) independent of ERK1/2 activation. The selective down-regulation of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-dependent ERK1/2 activation in the GM3-reconstituted cells was due to the substantial decreases of PDGF {alpha}-receptor mRNA and protein, but in the SM3-reconstituted cells, PDGF {alpha}-receptor expression was similar to mock cells. Thus, endogenously produced GM3 and SM3 differentially and distinctly regulate tumor-progression ability, i.e. GM3 leads the transformed phenotype of J5 cells to promotion and SM3 to abrogation.


Key words. Ganglioside GM3, Sulfatide SM3, Malignancy, PDGF {alpha} receptor, {beta}1 integrin
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