Glycobiology, Vol 8, 517-526, Copyright © 1998 by Society for Glycobiology
NW Lo, JH Shaper, J Pevsner and NL Shaper
From a systematic search of the UniGene and dbEST databanks, using human
beta 4-galactosyltransferase (beta 4GalT-I), which is recognized to
function in lactose biosynthesis, as the query sequence, we have identified
five additional gene family members denoted as beta 4GalT- II, -III, -IV,
-V, and -VI. Complementary DNA clones containing the complete coding
regions for each of the five human homologs were obtained or generated by a
PCR-based strategy (RACE) and sequenced. Relative to beta 4GalT-I, the
percent sequence identity at the amino acid level between the individual
family members, ranges from 33% (beta 4GalT-VI) to 55% (beta 4GalT-II). The
highest sequence identity between any of the homologs is between beta
4GalT-V and beta 4GalT-VI (68%). beta 4GalT-II is the ortholog of the
chicken beta 4GalT-II gene, which has been demonstrated to encode an
alpha-lactalbumin responsive beta 4- galactosyltransferase (Shaper et al.,
J. Biol. Chem., 272, 31389-31399, 1997). As established by Northern
analysis, beta 4GalT-II and -IV show the most restricted pattern of tissue
expression. High steady state levels of beta 4GalT-II mRNA are seen only in
fetal brain and adult heart, muscle, and pancreas; relatively high levels
of beta 4GalT-VI mRNA are seen only in adult brain. When the corresponding
mouse EST clone for each of the beta 4GalT family members was used as the
hybridization probe for Northern analysis of murine mammary tissue,
transcription of only the beta 4GalT-I gene could be detected in the
lactating mammary gland. These observations support the conclusion that
among the six known beta 4GalT family members in the mammalian genome, that
have been generated through multiple gene duplication events of an
ancestral gene(s), only the beta 4GalT-I ancestral lineage was recruited
for lactose biosynthesis during the evolution of mammals.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
The expanding beta 4-galactosyltransferase gene family: messages from the databanks
Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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