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Glycobiology vol 3 no 2 pp. 97-130, 1993
© 1993
review-article |
Biological roles of oligosaccharides: all of the theories are correct
Glycobiology Program, UCSD Cancer Center, and Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1Correspondence to:University of California, San Diego, Cancer Center, 0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Received on December 31, 1992; accepted on January 19, 1993
Many different theories have been advanced concerning the biological roles of the oligosaccharide units of individual classes of glycoconjugates. Analysis of the evidence indicates that while all of these theories are correct, exceptions to each can also be found. The biological roles of oligosaccharides appear to span the spectrum from those that are trivial, to those that are crucial for the development, growth, function or survival of an organism. Some general principles emerge. First, it is difficult to predict a priori the functions a given oligosaccharide on a given glycoconjugate might be mediating, or their relative importance to the organism. Second, the same oligosaccharide sequence may mediate different functions at different locations within the same organism, or at different times in its ontogeny or life cycle. Third, the more specific and crucial biological roles of oligosaccharides are often mediated by unusual oligosaccharide sequences, unusual presentations of common terminal sequences, or by further modifications of the sugars themselves. However, such oligosaccharide sequences are also more likely to be targets for recognition by pathogenic toxins and microorganisms. As such, they are subject to more intra- and inter-species variation because of ongoing host—pathogen interactions during evolution. In the final analysis, the only common features of the varied functions of oligosaccharides are that they either mediate ‘specific recognition’ events or that they provide ‘modulation’ of biological processes. In so doing, they generate much of the functional diversity required for the development and differentiation of complex organisms, and for their interactions with other organisms in the environment.
biological roles glycoconjugates oligosaccharides
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M. Chiricolo, N. Malagolini, S. Bonfiglioli, and F. Dall'Olio Phenotypic changes induced by expression of {beta}-galactoside {alpha}2,6 sialyltransferase I in the human colon cancer cell line SW948 Glycobiology, February 1, 2006; 16(2): 146 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Sekine, C. Taya, H. Shitara, Y. Kikkawa, N. Akamatsu, M. Kotani, M. Miyazaki, A. Suzuki, and H. Yonekawa The cis-Regulatory Element Gsl5 Is Indispensable for Proximal Straight Tubule Cell-specific Transcription of Core 2 beta-1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase in the Mouse Kidney J. Biol. Chem., January 13, 2006; 281(2): 1008 - 1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Tajiri, S. Yoshida, and Y. Wada Differential analysis of site-specific glycans on plasma and cellular fibronectins: application of a hydrophilic affinity method for glycopeptide enrichment Glycobiology, December 1, 2005; 15(12): 1332 - 1340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Schirawski, H. U. Bohnert, G. Steinberg, K. Snetselaar, L. Adamikowa, and R. Kahmann Endoplasmic Reticulum Glucosidase II Is Required for Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis PLANT CELL, December 1, 2005; 17(12): 3532 - 3543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Schachter The search for glycan function: Fucosylation of the TGF-{beta}1 receptor is required for receptor activation PNAS, November 1, 2005; 102(44): 15721 - 15722. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. Jones, A. Mehlert, M. L. S. Guther, and M. A. J. Ferguson Deletion of the Glucosidase II Gene in Trypanosoma brucei Reveals Novel N-Glycosylation Mechanisms in the Biosynthesis of Variant Surface Glycoprotein J. Biol. Chem., October 28, 2005; 280(43): 35929 - 35942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Novak, M. Tomana, G.R. Shah, R. Brown, and J. Mestecky Heterogeneity of IgG Glycosylation in Adult Periodontal Disease Journal of Dental Research, October 1, 2005; 84(10): 897 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Fan, Y.-M. She, R. D. Bagshaw, J. W. Callahan, H. Schachter, and D. J. Mahuran Identification of the hydrophobic glycoproteins of Caenorhabditis elegans Glycobiology, October 1, 2005; 15(10): 952 - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Mendiratta, N. Sekulic, A. Lavie, and K. J. Colley Specific Amino Acids in the First Fibronectin Type III Repeat of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Play a Role in Its Recognition and Polysialylation by the Polysialyltransferase ST8Sia IV/PST J. Biol. Chem., September 16, 2005; 280(37): 32340 - 32348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Eichler and M. W. W. Adams Posttranslational Protein Modification in Archaea Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., September 1, 2005; 69(3): 393 - 425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Srinivas, N. Mitra, A. Surolia, and N. Jayaraman Photoswitchable cluster glycosides as tools to probe carbohydrate-protein interactions: synthesis and lectin-binding studies of azobenzene containing multivalent sugar ligands Glycobiology, September 1, 2005; 15(9): 861 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. M. Jankovic and B. S. Tapuskovic Molecular forms and microheterogeneity of the oligosaccharide chains of pregnancy-associated CA125 antigen Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2005; 20(9): 2632 - 2638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Jennemann, R. Sandhoff, S. Wang, E. Kiss, N. Gretz, C. Zuliani, A. Martin-Villalba, R. Jager, H. Schorle, M. Kenzelmann, et al. Cell-specific deletion of glucosylceramide synthase in brain leads to severe neural defects after birth PNAS, August 30, 2005; 102(35): 12459 - 12464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Napp, F. Monje, W. Stuhmer, and L. A. Pardo Glycosylation of Eag1 (Kv10.1) Potassium Channels: INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING AND FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES J. Biol. Chem., August 19, 2005; 280(33): 29506 - 29512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Harduin-Lepers, R. Mollicone, P. Delannoy, and R. Oriol The animal sialyltransferases and sialyltransferase-related genes: a phylogenetic approach Glycobiology, August 1, 2005; 15(8): 805 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. S. Wojczyk, N. Takahashi, M. T. Levy, D. W. Andrews, W. R. Abrams, W. H. Wunner, and S. L. Spitalnik N-glycosylation at one rabies virus glycoprotein sequon influences N-glycan processing at a distant sequon on the same molecule Glycobiology, June 1, 2005; 15(6): 655 - 666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Ercan and C. M. West Kinetic analysis of a Golgi UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptide-Thr/Ser N-acetyl-{alpha}-glucosaminyltransferase from Dictyostelium Glycobiology, May 1, 2005; 15(5): 489 - 500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G.J. Williams, T. Woodhall, A. Nelson, and A. Berry Structure-guided saturation mutagenesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid lyase for the synthesis of sialic acid mimetics Protein Eng. Des. Sel., May 1, 2005; 18(5): 239 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Voisin, R. S. Houliston, J. Kelly, J.-R. Brisson, D. Watson, S. L. Bardy, K. F. Jarrell, and S. M. Logan Identification and Characterization of the Unique N-Linked Glycan Common to the Flagellins and S-layer Glycoprotein of Methanococcus voltae J. Biol. Chem., April 29, 2005; 280(17): 16586 - 16593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Ihara, S. Manabe, M. Kanda, H. Kawano, T. Nakayama, I. Sekine, T. Kondo, and Y. Ito Increased expression of protein C-mannosylation in the aortic vessels of diabetic Zucker rats Glycobiology, April 1, 2005; 15(4): 383 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T.-W. Chung, H.-J. Choi, Y.-C. Lee, and C.-H. Kim Molecular mechanism for transcriptional activation of ganglioside GM3 synthase and its function in differentiation of HL-60 cells Glycobiology, March 1, 2005; 15(3): 233 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Kitamura, M. Ikekita, T. Sato, Y. Akimoto, Y. Hatanaka, H. Kawakami, M. Inomata, and K. Furukawa Mouse Na+/K+-ATPase {beta}1-subunit has a K+-dependent cell adhesion activity for {beta}-GlcNAc-terminating glycans PNAS, February 22, 2005; 102(8): 2796 - 2801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. H. Fenteany and K. J. Colley Multiple Signals Are Required for {alpha}2,6-Sialyltransferase (ST6Gal I) Oligomerization and Golgi Localization J. Biol. Chem., February 18, 2005; 280(7): 5423 - 5429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Gunawan, D. Simard, M. Gilbert, A. L. Lovering, W. W. Wakarchuk, M. E. Tanner, and N. C. J. Strynadka Structural and Mechanistic Analysis of Sialic Acid Synthase NeuB from Neisseria meningitidis in Complex with Mn2+, Phosphoenolpyruvate, and N-Acetylmannosaminitol J. Biol. Chem., February 4, 2005; 280(5): 3555 - 3563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Larsen, P. Hojrup, and P. Roepstorff Characterization of Gel-separated Glycoproteins Using Two-step Proteolytic Digestion Combined with Sequential Microcolumns and Mass Spectrometry Mol. Cell. Proteomics, February 1, 2005; 4(2): 107 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Julenius, A. Molgaard, R. Gupta, and S. Brunak Prediction, conservation analysis, and structural characterization of mammalian mucin-type O-glycosylation sites Glycobiology, February 1, 2005; 15(2): 153 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. T. Esapa, R.A. J. McIlhinney, and D. J. Blake Fukutin-related protein mutations that cause congenital muscular dystrophy result in ER-retention of the mutant protein in cultured cells Hum. Mol. Genet., January 15, 2005; 14(2): 295 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Angeloni, J.L. Ridet, N. Kusy, H. Gao, F. Crevoisier, S. Guinchard, S. Kochhar, H. Sigrist, and N. Sprenger Glycoprofiling with micro-arrays of glycoconjugates and lectins Glycobiology, January 1, 2005; 15(1): 31 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Lucka, M. Fernando, D. Grunow, C. Kannicht, A. K. Horst, P. Nollau, and C. Wagener Identification of Lewis x structures of the cell adhesion molecule CEACAM1 from human granulocytes Glycobiology, January 1, 2005; 15(1): 87 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Woronowicz, K. De Vusser, W. Laroy, R. Contreras, S. O. Meakin, G. M. Ross, and M. R. Szewczuk Trypanosome trans-sialidase targets TrkA tyrosine kinase receptor and induces receptor internalization and activation Glycobiology, November 1, 2004; 14(11): 987 - 998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. M. Koropatkin and H. M. Holden Molecular Structure of {alpha}-D-Glucose-1-phosphate Cytidylyltransferase from Salmonella typhi J. Biol. Chem., October 15, 2004; 279(42): 44023 - 44029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-W. Kim, S. S. Lee, R. A. J. Warren, and S. G. Withers Directed Evolution of a Glycosynthase from Agrobacterium sp. Increases Its Catalytic Activity Dramatically and Expands Its Substrate Repertoire J. Biol. Chem., October 8, 2004; 279(41): 42787 - 42793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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