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Glycobiology Advance Access originally published online on April 23, 2009
Glycobiology 2009 19(8):868-878; doi:10.1093/glycob/cwp060
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Regulated expression of the HNK-1 carbohydrate is essential for medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryogenesis

Daisuke Anzai2, Yasuhiro Tonoyama3, Atsushi Ikeda2, Toshisuke Kawasaki4 and Shogo Oka1,3

2 Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501
3 Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507
4 The Research Center for Glycobiotechnology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel:/Fax: +81-75-751-3959; e-mail: shogo{at}hs.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Received on March 13, 2009; revised on April 16, 2009; accepted on April 17, 2009

Carbohydrates are known to play essential roles in various biological processes including development. However, it remains largely unknown which carbohydrate structure takes part in each biological event. Here, we examined the roles of the human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate in medaka embryogenesis. We first cloned two medaka glucuronyltransferases, GlcAT-P and GlcAT-S, key enzymes for HNK-1 biosynthesis. Overexpression of these glucuronyltransferases affected morphogenetic processes. In addition, loss-of-function experiments revealed that GlcAT-P is physiologically indispensable for head morphogenesis and GlcAT-P depletion also led to markedly increased apoptosis. However, even when the apoptosis was blocked, abnormal head morphogenesis caused by GlcAT-P depletion was still observed, indicating that apoptosis was not the main cause of the abnormality. Moreover, in situ hybridization analyses indicated that GlcAT-P depletion resulted in the abnormal formation of the nervous system but not in cell specification. These results suggest that tight regulation of HNK-1 expression is essential for proper morphogenesis of medaka embryos.

Key words: apoptosis / development / glucuronyltransferase / HNK-1 carbohydrate / medaka


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