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Glycobiology Advance Access originally published online on January 22, 2009
Glycobiology 2009 19(5):499-508; doi:10.1093/glycob/cwp006
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Chemical characterization of oligosaccharides in chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan, and siamang milk or colostrum

Tadasu Urashima1,2, Go Odaka2, Sadaki Asakuma3, Yusuke Uemura2,4, Kohta Goto2, Akitsugu Senda2, Tadao Saito5, Kenji Fukuda2, Michael Messer6 and Olav T Oftedal7

2 Graduate School of Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro
3 National Agriculture Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo
4 Faculty of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara
5 Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
6 School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
7 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: urashima{at}obihiro.ac.jp

Received on August 5, 2008; revised on January 9, 2009; accepted on January 18, 2009

Neutral and acidic oligosaccharides were isolated from the milk or colostrum of four great ape species (chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), bonobo (Pan paniscus), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)) and one lesser ape species (siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)), and their chemical structures were characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Oligosaccharides containing the type II unit (Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc) were found exclusively (gorilla and siamang) or predominately (chimpanzee, bonobo, and orangutan) over those containing the type I unit (Gal(β1-3)GlcNAc). In comparison, type I oligosaccharides predominate over type II oligosaccharides in human milk, whereas nonprimate milk almost always contains only type II oligosaccharides. The milk or colostrum of the great apes contained oligosaccharides bearing both N-glycolylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid, whereas human milk contains only the latter. Great ape milk, like that of humans, contained fucosylated oligosaccharides whereas siamang milk did not. Since these analyses are based on a limited number of individuals, further research on additional samples of great and lesser ape milk is needed to confirm phylogenetic patterns.

Key words: apes / bonobo / chimpanzee / gorilla / milk oligosaccharides / orangutan / siamang


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