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Glycobiology Advance Access originally published online on October 2, 2008
Glycobiology 2009 19(1):52-67; doi:10.1093/glycob/cwn103
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Glycosaminoglycan origin and structure revealed by multivariate analysis of NMR and CD spectra

Timothy R Rudd2, Mark A Skidmore2, Scott E Guimond2, Cesare Cosentino3, Giangiacomo Torri3, David G Fernig2, Robert M Lauder4, Marco Guerrini3 and Edwin A Yates1,2

2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
3 Institute of Chemical and Biochemical Research "G Ronzoni", Via G Colombo 81, Milan 20133, Italy
4 School of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: +44-151-795-4429; e-mail: eayates{at}liv.ac.uk

Received on July 11, 2008; revised on September 29, 2008; accepted on September 29, 2008

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a method of simplifying complex datasets to generate a lower number of parameters, while retaining the essential differences and allowing objective comparison of large numbers of datasets. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of linear sulfated carbohydrates with diverse sequences and consequent complex conformation and structure. Here, PCA is applied to three problems in GAG research: (i) distinguishing origins of heparin preparations, (ii) structural analysis of heparin derivatives, and (iii) classification of chondroitin sulfates (CS). The results revealed the following. (i) PCA of heparin 13C NMR spectra allowed their origins to be distinguished and structural differences were identified. (ii) Analysis of the information-rich 1H and 13C NMR spectra of a series of systematically modified heparin derivatives uncovered underlying properties. These included the presence of interactions between residues, providing evidence that a degree of degeneracy exists in linkage geometry and that a different degree of variability exists for the two types of glycosidic linkage. The relative sensitivity of each position (C or H nucleus) in the disaccharide repeating unit to changes in O-, N-sulfation and N-acetylation was also revealed. (iii) Analysis of the 1H NMR and CD spectra of a series of CS samples from different origins allowed their structural classification and highlighted the power of employing complementary spectroscopic methods in concert with PCA.

Key words: CD / chondroitin sulfate / heparin / NMR / PCA


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