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Glycobiology, 2002, Vol. 12, No. 3 191-197
© 2002 Oxford University Press

Functional analysis of the carbohydrate recognition domains and a linker peptide of galectin-9 as to eosinophil chemoattractant activity

Miki Sato2,3, Nozomu Nishi2,4, Hiroki Shoji2, Masako Seki4,5, Tomomi Hashidate6, Jun Hirabayashi6, Ken-ichi Kasai6, Yuiro Hata7, Shigehiko Suzuki3, Mitsuomi Hirashima4,5 and Takanori Nakamura1,2

2Department of Endocrinology, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; 3Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; 4Galpharma Co., Ltd., Kagawa 761-0703, Japan; 5Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; 6Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa 199-01, Japan; and 7Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan

Human galectin-9 is a ß-galactoside-binding protein consisting of two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) and a linker peptide. We have shown that galectin-9 represents a novel class of eosinophil chemoattractants (ECAs) produced by activated T cells. A previous study demonstrated that the carbohydrate binding activity of galectin-9 is indispensable for eosinophil chemoattraction and that the N- and C-terminal CRDs exhibit comparable ECA activity, which is substantially lower than that of full-length galectin-9. In this study, we investigated the roles of the two CRDs in ECA activity in conjunction with the sugar-binding properties of the CRDs. In addition, to address the significance of the linker peptide structure, we compare the three isoforms of galectin-9, which only differ in the linker peptide region, in terms of ECA activity. Recombinant proteins consisting of two N-terminal CRDs (galectin-9NN), two C-terminal CRDs (galectin-9CC), and three isoforms of galectin-9 (galectin-9S, -9M, and -9L) were generated. All the recombinant proteins had hemagglutination activity comparable to that of the predominant wild-type galectin-9 (galectin-9M). Galectin-9NN and galectin-9CC induced eosinophil chemotaxis in a manner indistinguishable from the case of galectin-9M. Although the isoform of galectin-9 with the longest linker peptide, galectin-9L, exhibited limited solubility, the three isoforms showed comparable ECA activity over the concentration range tested. The interactions between N- and C-terminal CRDs and glycoprotein glycans and glycolipid glycans were examined using frontal affinity chromatography. Both CRDs exhibited high affinity for branched complex type sugar chain, especially for tri- and tetraantennary N-linked glycans with N-acetyllactosamine units, and the oligosaccharides inhibited the ECA activity at low concentrations. These results suggest that the N- and C-terminal CRDs of galectin-9 interact with the same or a closely related ligand on the eosinophil membrane when acting as an ECA and that ECA activity does not depend on a specific structure of the linker peptide.

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at Kagawa Medical University


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