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Glycobiology Advance Access originally published online on June 3, 2009
Glycobiology 2009 19(9):995-1001; doi:10.1093/glycob/cwp078
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Catabolism of flocculosin, an antimicrobial metabolite produced by Pseudozyma flocculosa

Benjamin Mimee, Caroline Labbé and Richard R Bélanger1

Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: +1-418-656-2758; Fax: +1-418-656-7871; e-mail: richard.belanger{at}fsaa.ulaval.ca

Received on December 8, 2008; revised on May 28, 2009; accepted on May 30, 2009

Flocculosin is an unusual cellobiose lipid secreted by the yeast-like fungus Pseudozyma flocculosa as part of its biocontrol arsenal against other fungi. Recent observations have suggested that the fungus degrades flocculosin to use it as a nutrient source during periods of food limitation. In this work, we sought to identify the catabolic steps leading to the degradation of flocculosin and its subsequent use by P. flocculosa. To this end, we characterized the catabolism of flocculosin through identification of degradation intermediates in a deprived medium using mass spectrometry. As the pH of the medium increased, the molecule was quickly deacylated and lost its antimicrobial activity thereby explaining conflicting results concerning the antimicrobial activity of this class of glycolipid. Following removal of both acetyl groups and the short fatty acid chain under alkaline conditions, the molecule was quickly and completely metabolized by P. flocculosa. Protein purification of culture filtrates confirmed the presence of degradative enzymes produced by P. flocculosa. These enzymes were found to degrade 3,15-dihydroxy-hexadecyl cellobioside (DHC) but not the acylated molecule, thus confirming the protective role of these groups against catabolism. These results are the first evidence of glycolipid degradation by producing organism and suggest that flocculosin can be recycled by P. flocculosa as a nutrient in addition to protecting its ecological niche.

Key words: cellobiose lipid / enzymatic degradation / flocculosin / glycolipid / Pseudozyma flocculosa


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