Glycobiology Advance Access originally published online on August 25, 2004
Glycobiology 2005 15(1):1-9; doi:10.1093/glycob/cwh132
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Glycobiology vol. 15 no. 1 © Oxford University Press 2005; all rights reserved.
Nucleolin: acharan sulfate–binding protein on the surface of cancer cells
2 Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, Korea; 3 Department of Biochemistry, NCMLS, UMC Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 4 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; and 5 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: kims{at}plaza.snu.ac.kr
Received on March 25, 2004; revised on July 19, 2004; accepted on July 22, 2004
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides that participate in the regulation of physiological processes through the interactions with a wide variety of proteins. Acharan sulfate (AS), isolated from the giant African snail Achatina fulica, primarily consists of the repeating disaccharide structure 
-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl (1
4) 2-sulfoiduronic acid. Exogenous AS was injected subcutaneously near the tumor tissue in C57BL/6 mice that had been implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLCs). The location of AS in the tumor was assessed by staining of sectioned tissues with alcian blue and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reagent. In vitro assays indicated binding of cells to 50 µg/ml AS (or heparin) after a 5-h incubation. Immunofluorescence assays, using anti-AS antibody, detected AS at the cell surface. The outer-surface of LLCs were next biotinylated to identify the AS-binding proteins. Biotinylated cells were lysed, and the lysates were fractionated on the AS affinity column using a stepwise salt gradient (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 M). The fractions were analyzed by SDS–PAGE with silver staining and western blotting. We focused on the proteins with high affinity for AS (eluting at 1 M NaCl) and detected only two bands by western blotting. ESI Q-TOF MS analysis of one of these bands, molecular weight 
110 kDa, showed it to be nucleolin. A phosphorylated form of nucleolin on the surface of cells acts as a cell surface receptor for a variety of ligands, including growth factors (i.e., basic fibroblast growth factor) and chemokines (i.e., midkine). These results show that nucleolin is one of several AS-binding proteins and suggest that AS might demonstrate its tumor growth inhibitory activity by binding the nucleolin receptor protein on the surface of cancer cells.
Key words: AS-binding protein / biotinylation / Lewis lung carcinoma / nucleolin
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