Glycobiology, 2001, Vol. 11, No. 5 365-372
© 2001 Oxford University Press
Fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides vary between individuals and over the course of lactation
2Shriver Center for Mental Retardation, Waltham, MA 02452, USA, 3Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 4Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA, and 5Instituto Nacional de Ciecias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City 14000, Mexico
Specific human milk oligosaccharides, especially fucosylated neutral oligosaccharides, protect infants against specific microbial pathogens. To study the concentrations of individual neutral oligosaccharides during lactation, a total of 84 milk samples were obtained from 12 women at 7 time periods during weeks 1–49 postpartum. The neutral oligosaccharides from each sample were isolated, perbenzoylated, resolved, and quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The resultant oligosaccharide peaks, identified by co-elution with authentic standards and mass spectrometry, ranged in size from tri- to octasaccharides. The total concentration of oligosaccharides declined over the course of lactation; the mean concentration at 1 year was less than half that in the first few weeks postpartum. One of the 12 donors produced milk fucosyloligosaccharides that were essentially devoid of 
1,2 linkages (but contained 1,3- and 1,4-linked fucose) until late in lactation, consistent with the nonsecretor phenotype. In milk samples from the remaining 11 donors, fucosyloligosaccharides containing 1,2-linked fucose were prevalent, and their profiles were distinct from those of fucosyloligosaccharides devoid of 1,2-linked fucose. The ratio of 1,2-linked oligosaccharide concentrations to oligosaccharides devoid of 1,2-linked fucose changed during the first year of lactation from 5:1 to 1:1. Furthermore, the absolute and the relative concentrations of individual oligosaccharides varied substantially, both between individual donors and over the course of lactation for each individual. The patterns of milk oligosaccharides among individuals suggest the existence of many genotype subpopulations. This variation in individual oligosaccharide concentrations suggests that the protective activities of human milk could also vary among individuals and during lactation.
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